Despite serious challenges, there are still foundations for growth

With the expected end of quantitative easing by the US Federal Reserve, global investors are pondering the same billion dollar question: What should they do with investment opportunities in emerging markets?

On one hand, emerging markets, which are best represented by the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China), have been the driving force of global economic growth in the past decade, even after the 2007-2008 global financial crisis.

On the other hand, inflation, commodities prices and asset bubbles have slowed down economic growth in the BRIC countries. To complicate matters, such slowdowns have already shown signs of causing social upheaval and political unrest in those countries, and this could further jeopardize the sustainability of future economic growth.

As a result, some people have begun to wonder whether the BRIC countries can sustain their stellar growth of the past decade.

Granted, the transition from a middle-income country to a fully developed one is not easy.

By adjusting to the real dollar term, many other countries have also developed from low-income status to middle-income level. Unfortunately, not too many have done this successfully. Some even suffered from problems that caused their economies to falter or even go into recession.

It is important to remember that after countries reached middle-income status, their economies developed in different ways. Singapore and South Korea successfully broke away from the so-called middle-income trap and became fully developed economies.

At the same time, other countries, most notably in South America and Southeast Asia, did not manage to improve their economies. This also adds to some people's concerns about the BRIC countries.

Nevertheless, some basic reasons behind the original propositions about economic growth in the BRIC countries seem to have survived, if not improved gradually.

First, these are large countries with large populations and potentially large markets.

Second, their relatively young populations are becoming wealthier and gradually forming an increasing middle-income class. Research shows that an emerging middle class is instrumental, not only crucial, to a country's economic growth, but also to its social progress.

Such progress will enable the population to better share and enjoy economic growth and will help the country sustain the next stage of growth.

Another important reason to remain bullish about the BRIC countries and emerging markets in general is their potential for growth.

Many critics have argued that the underdevelopment of a modern legal framework, the lack of transparency in government operations and the suppression of market forces playing a greater role in the economy may all cause concerns about the BRIC economies.

However true these problems are, it has to be stressed that, because there are so many areas that can and will eventually be improved, the BRIC countries can continue to attract investment.

If they can continue to reform their economic, political and social systems, unprecedented productivity and wealth could result.

Also, there have been some signs that the BRIC countries have gradually become the economic growth centers within their respective regions. If the success of the East Asian region were to be repeated on a greater scale, the transfer of knowledge that would result could sustain economies for a longer period.

As China and Brazil have recently experienced, some multinational companies are moving their operations away from such countries to cheaper neighboring nations such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Ecuador and Bolivia.

Some people might worry that such employment migration may cause a slowdown in economic growth in China or Brazil.

However, such migration is also evidence that China and Brazil have gradually become the leaders in their respective regions and, with the expansion of neighboring countries' economies and the regional economy, the potential for the Chinese and Brazilian economies to grow further has also been increased.

Japan and South Korea experienced similar transitions in their industries. Only by successfully going through such a forced upgrade in their economies can the BRIC countries be pushed hard into directions that will eventually produce developed economies, such as innovation, quality control, management and branding.

Another concern with the BRIC countries in the coming decade is that China seems to be doing far better than the others.

This may not be such a bad thing.

First of all, with the increasing bottleneck and frustration that China will experience, particularly diplomatically and politically, China will remain committed to forming a closer alliance with Brazil, Russia and India and those other nations with emerging markets.

This will mean the BRIC group and the group of emerging market countries can prosper together and reduce the gap between them and the developed world.

The author is faculty fellow at the International Center for Finance, Yale University, and deputy director of the Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The views do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

(China Daily 07/29/2013 page15)