Further discussions expected between United States, Russia as the risk of unintended conflict grows amid growing involvement

The skies over Syria are increasingly crowded - and increasingly dangerous. The air forces of multiple countries are on the attack, often at cross purposes in Syria's civil war, sometimes without coordination. And now, it seems, they are at risk of unintended conflict.

The latest entry in the air war is Russia. The Russians, who are not coordinating with the Americans, reportedly also have hit at least one US-supported rebel group.

That opens the possibility, however unlikely, of the Americans and Russians coming to blows.

For its part, Turkey in late August began airstrikes in Syria as part of the US-led anti-Islamic State coalition. Turkish warplanes are fully integrated into the coalition attack plan, as are those of Australia, which began flying strike missions over Syria in September. France also began bombing in September.

And Syria's air force is also bombing targets within its borders, hitting both Islamic State and anti-government rebels.

US and Russian defense officials held a one-hour video teleconference last week on ways to "deconflict" Syrian airspace, or prevent unintended air incidents, including collisions. No agreement was reached. More talks are expected, although a senior defense official said on Monday there had been no further word from Moscow. The official was not authorized to discuss the matter and thus spoke on condition of anonymity.

US Defense Secretary Ash Carter has expressed concern about the possibility of "inadvertent incidents and lack of communication" with Russian air crews, although so far the Russians have flown mainly in western Syria, relatively far from US and coalition flights in the country's north and east.

The picture darkened further on Monday as Turkey's prime minister vowed to protect the nation's borders after a Russian fighter jet entered Turkish airspace from Syria over the weekend. The incursion, which Russia said was an accident, prompted Turkey to scramble jets to intercept the Russian plane. Turkey also lodged a diplomatic protest.

The Russian violation of Turkey's airspace is more than a Turkey-Russia spat because Turkey is a member of the NATO alliance, whose defense leaders meet later this week in Brussels. Carter said he expects the matter to be on the NATO agenda, and he repeated his strong criticism of the Russian military involvement in Syria.

"What we're seeing now is a lot of different countries and coalitions operating in the skies over Syria," said Stephane Dujarric, spokesman for UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. "I think it creates a situation that is fraught with danger and very delicate, as we'd seen in the issue of the violation of the airspace with Turkey ... This should really refocus people's attention on finding a political solution."

Russian officials say more than 50 warplanes and helicopters are taking part in the open-ended air operations, including Su-24M, Su-25 and Su-34 jets. They are flying 20-25 missions a day in Syria, compared to an average of about eight per day by the US-led coalition.

The US has been concerned that Turkey's focus in Syria may not be entirely aligned with Washington's, given the Turks' worry about Syrian Kurdish forces near its border. The US worked closely with the Kurds to oust Islamic State forces from the northern border city of Kobani, whereas the Turks have shelled, but apparently not conducted airstrikes against, those same Syrian Kurds.

In addition to Turkey, France and Australia, the US coalition partners participating in the Syria air campaign include Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Canada. The US is experienced at coalition warfare, particularly in the Middle East, where it has a highly sophisticated air operations center at al-Udeid air base in Qatar that works like a military air traffic control center, making sure all the flights are coordinated and targets are struck in line with common objectives.

But Syria is an unusually complicated case. The Syrian government has its own air force as well as air defenses capable of threatening US or other coalition aircraft, for one thing. So far it has not done so, but the situation is growing more complex as Russia gets further involved militarily.

(China Daily 10/07/2015 page4)