Jade has been treasured in China for more than 7,000 years, and often features in historical legends. One, during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), tells of a jade craftsman named Bian He from the State of Chu. One day he saw a phoenix perching on a rock. Convinced that this fabulous bird would stand only on the most precious of stones, he presented the rock to King Li of Chu. Royal craftsman, however, assessed it as nothing out of the ordinary. The angry king punished Bian He for what he construed as an attempt to fool him by having the craftsman's left foot cut off. When King Li died, Bian He once again presented the stone to the king's son and successor King Wu. But the new king's craftsman also deemed the stone commonplace, and Bian He lost his right foot as punishment. When King Wu died and his son succeeded the throne as King Wen, Bian He retreated to the foot of the mountain and cried for three days and nights, holding the stone. When the new king sent his attendant to find out why, Bian He told him, "I cry not because I have been crippled, but because jade is deemed stone, a loyal subject is adjudged a charlatan, and an innocent is humiliated." King Wen thereupon ordered that the stone be split open. The piece of perfect jade exposed at its heart was named He's Jade.

Du Shan Jade

Many vassal states fought over the precious He's Jade, and the State of Zhao eventually won possession of it. The rising Qin kingdom, however, offered to trade 15 cities for the jade in 283 BC, and Zhao agreed, but mainly for fear of the Qin's overwhelming strength. "As worthy as a cluster of cities" hence became a common idiom.

Qin craftsmen carved an imperial seal out of the jade which the last Qin emperor presented to the conqueror Liu Bang, first emperor of the Han Dynasty (206 BC - AD 220). Amid the imperial infighting at the end of the Han Dynasty, a corner of the seal was broken. Craftsmen later mended it in gold, thus creating the craft of jade and gold inlay, the Beijing Olympics medal design.

Inkstone Carved with Seven Dragons in Qianlong's Reign

The Five Virtues of Jade

There are around 100 types of stones that qualify as jade. According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi (Explanation and Study of Principles of Composition of Characters), the earliest Chinese dictionary compiled by Xu Shen during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), "Jade, the beauty among stones, embodies five virtues." In other words, the only beautiful stones that may be called jade are those with five virtues. But criteria on which to judge whether or not a stone is beautiful, or beautiful enough to be called a jade, have changed with the development of society, production capacities, ideologies and aesthestic standards, and market demands. Stones formerly used for burning lime, laying roads or building houses now qualify as jade by virtue of their fine texture or historical background.

In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games medal design conveys the host city's respect for the games and best wishes to Olympic athletes

Jade Cup in the Shape of Lotus Leaf

Uncut jade can be polished or processed to bring it up to a satisfactory standard. Gradation is linked to the degree of processing. A Grade-A emerald, for example, is one that has been cut, carved and polished but whose color and innate substance remain unaltered. An emerald that has been washed in acid or alkali and reconstituted with synthetic resin is of Grade B, specifically classified in the market as a washed or bathed emerald "after bleaching and reconstitution." Dyed emeralds are Grade C, known as coated or clothed emeralds. Evaluation standards include color, transparency, structure, purity, cutting workmanship and weight.