Biggest victim

China was the world's biggest victim of anti-dumping investigations every year from 1995 to 2011, and also the most targeted in anti-subsidy investigations yearly from 2006 to 2011, according to the ministry. Trade remedy investigations targeting China totaled 758 from 2003 to September of 2012 with export value of $68.4 billion.

Workers at an Aokang Group Co Ltd plant in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. Aokang won a legal case in late November against the EU's anti-dumping measures on Chinese leather shoes. Provided to China Daily

"The coming year will see a wider range of Chinese exports caught by trade remedy investigations, and the anti-dumping range will also be heavier," said Wei, a former vice-minister of commerce.

"The emerging economies intensified their gunfire against China, while the developed economies such as the US and the EU stepped back to trade protectionism from advancing free trade," Wei said.

India led the emerging countries in using trade remedy measures in the past decade while China was most targeted. The South Asian country's trade protectionism has brought quite a severe impact to bilateral trade, according to Mei Xinyu, a researcher at the International Trade and Economic Cooperation Institute of the Ministry of Commerce.

China was India's second-biggest trade partner, while India was China's ninth largest trade partner. Bilateral trade in 2011 increased by 19.7 percent to $73.92 billion, according to the General Administration of Customs, while India's statistics showed that India's trade deficit with China jumped 42 percent to nearly $40 billion in the last fiscal year ending March 31.

As China boosts its economic power, trade frictions against China are shifting from low-end industries to high-tech sectors, which is in line with China's industrial upgrading, said Gu Chunfang, head of the ministry's investigation bureau of industry injury.

"Some developed economies turned to protectionism rather than improving their industrial competitiveness to cope with China's industrial development. In addition, trade remedy investigations more frequently target China's industrial policies, including blaming the market status of China's State-owned enterprises, which has brought about broader and deeper impacts," Gu said.

Shen blamed the sluggish world economy for rising trade protectionism.

"The world economy will maintain slow growth in 2013 with rising trade protectionism. China's trade growth in 2013 will face headwinds owing to a challenging external environment," he said during a news conference on Dec 18.

China's share of global trade is expected to further expand this year from the 10.5 percent in 2011. The share was 11.1 percent in the first nine months of 2012, according to Shen.

Following the accession to the World Trade Organization, China will automatically get full market economy status by 2016, and Wei projected increasing trade frictions before then.

Market economy status will reduce the legal basis and policy instruments to curb Chinese exports and make anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations less frequent.

Facing a challenging trade outlook, Wei called for the government to draw up a plan to hit back at trade frictions against China.

"Moreover, Chinese enterprises should also stand up against external challenges," he said.

China's leading shoemaker, Aokang Group Co Ltd, won a legal case in late November against the EU's anti-dumping measures on Chinese leather shoes following the EU imposition of anti-dumping duties of 16.5 percent on imports of Chinese shoes in 2006.

Experts said that the company will get more than 5 million yuan ($801,600) in compensation for legal costs, and importers and exporters in trade relations with Aokang will recover the anti-dumping duties levied by the EU during the past six years.

Contact the writer at lijiabao@chinadaily.com.cn